HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATON

UNIT 3
Organizing physical and health education activities
at school
CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
• The concept of physical education has been described by different
educationalists.
• According to Mudaliar Commission,"Physical education is not mere
drill or a series of regular exercises.It includes all forms of physical
activities and games which promote the development of body and
mind”.
• The aim of physical education include the aim of general education.
Meaning and Definition
• Physical education is education for the holistic development
of the personality of an individual through physical activity.
• “Physical education is education through physical activities
for the
• development of total personality of the child and it
fulfillment and
• perfection in body, mind and spirit” -J.P.THOMAS
Aims
• Conversationof health
• Development of good physique
• Development of organic system of the body
• Developing good health habits and attitudes
• Moral and social development
• Development of qualities
• Providing proper outlet for pent-up feelings and surplus energy
• Preparing for leisure time
• Understanding and appreciation of sports
Objectives of Physical education
• To achieve the highest level of competency in movement skills.
• To understand and apply movement concepts and principles to the
learning and development of movement skills .
• To understand the cost and benefits of participating regularly in
health enhancing physical activities.
• To demonstrate responsible personal and social behaviour in physical
activity settings.
• To Understand and learn to respect differences among people in
physical activity settings.
• To understand that physical activity provides an opportunity for
enjoyment, challenge, self-expression and social interaction.
Need of physical education
• Alertness of mind
• Knowledge of health and diseases
• Proper utilisation of leisure time
• Appreciation of beauty
• Development of good human relations
• Emotional development
• Creating discipline
• Tolerance
• All-round personality
• Character building
• Promotion of health
Importance of Physical education
● Physical education produces the health of the people
● Lifestyle disease management
● Promotion of international Brotherhood
● It gives spiritual harmony and prevents disease
● Recreational activity for the people who are indulged in serious
occupation
● Promote sportman spirit and hence create social adjustability in the
practical
life
Concept of Health
• Health is a state of body, mind and spirit.
• According to the World Health Organisation(1947), "Health is
a dynamic state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.
Aims and objectives of health education in schools
• To set up certain standards of health in the school: Certain ideal standard
and health should be established in the school. All the pupils and the
teachers should try to maintain those standards. These may include
adequate ventilation, good sanitation, correct lighting, regular cleanliness,
proper temperature, regular system of physical activities, etc.
• To provide information about health matter: Health education should
acquaint the pupils with the rule of health and hygiene. Such knowledge
will help them to develop good health habits and practices. They will be
able to take precautionary measures to ward off diseases.
• To make preventive and precautionary measures against communicable
diseases: The pupils should be educated about the communicable diseaseshow these spread and how precautionary measures can be taken.
• To discover physical defects and abnormalities in children and adopt
remedial measures: These may be done by regular physical and medical
check-ups. The services of a qualified doctor should be available in the
school.
Health instruction in school
❖The teacher should provide directly and indirectly health instruction to the pupils.
❖They should be taught how to acquire health attitudes, habits and skills.
❖ Health instruction can be provided in the following way:
• Direct instruction: Students should be taught about physiology and hygiene. They
should learn about bodily systems, diet, fresh air, exercise, etc. They should be told about
certain common diseases and the precaution against them.
• Talks on health: The teacher can arrange some talks by experts on important and useful
information about health.
• Use of film and film strips: The teacher can arrange suitable films and strips for the
benefit of students.
• Printed materials in the library: There should be magazines, booklets, posters,
pamphlets, etc in the library. The students may also be asked to prepare charts and
posters on health.
• Health clubs: The teacher should organise health clubs in the school. The health
club should organise certain health programmes with the guidance of teacher.
Importance of Health Education in teacher education Programme
● To create awareness about personal hygiene, food, clothing and posture.
● To create awareness about first aid and communicable diseases.
● To create awareness about the relationship between health education and
physical education.
● To create awareness about adulteration in food
● To create awareness about drug abuse and alcohol addiction.
● To create awareness about environmental pollution (air, water and soil)
● To create awareness about the importance of health related physical
fitness.
Physical fitness
• Physical fitness is a state of health and well-being, and more
specifically,the ability to perform aspects sports, occupations and
daily activities.
• According to bucher "fitness is the ability of an individual to live a full
and balanced life.it includes physical, mental, emotional, social and
spiritual factors and a capacity for their wholesome experience"
Wellness
•Wellnss generally to mean a healthy balance of
the mind,body and spirit that results in an
overall feeling of well-being.
• wellness is an active process of increasing
awarenss and actively making choices towards a
healthy and fulfilling life.
Type and components of Physical fitness
❖Components of Physical fitness
Speed
• it is the Performance pre-requisite to do Motor actions Under given
conditions in minimum of time.
Strength
• strength is the maximum force that Can be developed with in a muscle or
a group of muscles during a maximal contraction.
Endurance
• endurance is the ability to do Sports movement ,with the desired quality
and Speed,Under conditions of fatigue.
Flexibility
• Flexibility Is the functional capacity of joints to move through a full range
of motion(ACSM).
Co-ordinative abilities
• Co-ordinative abilities are understood as relatively stabilized and
generalized pattern of motor control and regulation process.
• Types of physical fitness
Health related physical fitness
• Health related physical fitness is the power or capacity to live full and
efficient life that one is capable of being.
• The components and test items are,
cardio respiratory fitness;Body composition ;Abdominal strength
endurance;flexibility of low back and posterior thigh muscular strength.
Performance related physical fitness
• Performance or skill related physical fitness is associated with those
qualities, which are conducive to better performance in sports and other
physical activities requiring strength, endurance, Co-ordinative abilities and
speed.
Cosmetic fitness
• cosmetic fitness is the capacity to have a beautiful physique with out
giving importance to other physical fitness parameters.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE
• PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Definition
• "Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires
energy expenditure". –WHO
❖Activities for developing physical fitness components
1. Walking
2. Jogging
3. Running
4. Weight training
5. Stretching
EXCERCISE AND SAFE HEART RATE
● Excercise should be based on both quality and quantity.
● It should be purpose oriented.
● Effective and scientific excercise programme should be planned
to keep the heart rate between 50% to 80%of maximum heart rate
during the exercise
Target heart rate can be found out by the following
formula.
● THR=[(MHR-RHR)×IP]+RHR
● THR(Target Heart Rate) =50% to 85%
● MHR(Maximum Heart Rate)=220-Age
● RHR(Resting Heart Rate) =72 Beats/Min
● IP(Intensity Percentage) =0.50 to 0.85
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
● BMR is the minimum caloric requirement to sustain life at rest in
a day.
● It is the amount of calorie required to maintain life at rest per
day.
● It is the energy required for functioning the vital organs like
heart, lungs,liver, kidney,skin ,etc.
• BMR is calculated by oxygen uptake. It is an indirect method of
assessing the BMR through oxygen consumption.
• BMR is determined by genetic and environment factors
HYPO KINETIC DISEASES
● Hypokinetic diseases are the Lifestyle diseases due to sedentary lifestyle
1. obesity
● 20 percentage more than ideal body weight ,over weight of the body due to excessive accumulation of fat
● 2 types
Apple type or central type
pear type or feminine type
Causes of obesity
1. genetic 42 – 80 %
2. food habits
3. age lowered metabolic rate
consequences of obesity
1. excess body weight
2. feeling conditionally sluggish and fatigued
3. putting on extra burden on the back and the left, increasing degenerative
diseases such as Arthritis .
Lifestyle modification
● healthy diet
● physical activity
Diabetes mellitus or chronic hyperglycemia
● High blood glucose concentration
● pancreas – leaf like organ in the abdomen with a number of cell beta cell produce insulin and Alpha cells
produce glucogen
● Type 1 –IDDM
● total destruction of Beta cells
● occurs before childhood so it is known as Juvenile diabetes
TYPE II –NIDDM
pancreatic Beta cells are able to produce insulin but the body’s cells are unresponsive to insulin this is termed
insulin resistance also known as maturity on search diabetes
symptoms
● frequent urination ● unquenchable thirst● Blurred vision ● constant hunger ● fatigue● excess sweating
consequences
● Arteriosclerosis in blood vessels ● hypertension ● kidney problems ● nerve problems ● eye problems● heart
problems
management
• ● Lifestyle modification● appropriate diet ● physical activity ● medication ● maintenance body weight ●
avoid exercise If the blood glucose level is above 250 mg / dl or below 70 mg/dl ● 15 minutes walk an hour
after every male will sleep sugar level lower
Hypertension
● pressure exerted by the earth to the arteries BP
● pressure increases more than 140 /9mmHg
symptoms
• muscle cramps
• weakness
• frequent urination
• irregular heart rate
consequences
● atherosclerosis ● blocked vessels in brain and kidney ● thickening heart chamber, and vessels in
eye causes
management
● lose weight
● life style modification
● sufficient sleep
● diet control
● medication
● physical activity
osteoporosis
● reduction of Bond strength due to spongy bone mass
causes
● genetic factors
women are more prone to osteoporosis
● body size
small, Bond women are at greater risk
● race
● lack of calcium and Vitamin D
● low body weight
● increasing age
● sex hormones
consequences
● responsible for 70% of fracture in adults above 45 ● postural deformities - kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis ●
chronic back pain ● decrease the ability of land to expand
management
● medication ● advocate and regular exercises ● calcium supplementation ● vitamin D plays an important role
in calcium absorption ● strength● avoid smoking ● avoid alcohol ● improve nutrition ● hormone replacement
therapy.
coronary heart diseases
● failure of coronary circulation to supply advocate circulation to
cardiac muscle and surrounding tissues.
● lead to Collateral circulation
Consequences
● Angina
● acute coronary syndrome due to sudden blockage
symptoms
• chest pain
• paining of the arm , shoulders,elbows,jaws or back
• shortness of breath ,nausea .
Back pain
● pain usually originates from the muscles, Nerves, born ,joints or other structures in the spine herniated discs
● bulging disc is also called protruding ,herniated or ruptured Disc
causes
● accident
● lifting heavy objects ,improper bending
● stres, over stretching
● sudden jerk
● difference in leg length
● poor sitting and laying
● excess body weight
● continuous work
● age
management
● walk 30 minutes daily
● avoid excessive forward bend
● get up from the chair every 30 minutes
● shed extra kilos if any
Importance of good posture
● The general characteristics of a good posture are erectness ,balance,
alignment.
● Head neck and trunk will fall as possible in a straight vertical line in a good
posture
Causes for Poor posture
• ● heredity ● injury ● habit ● improper clothing ● mental attitude ●
overload ● obesity ● lack of awareness
common postural deformities
● spinal curvature
● flat foot
● knock knees
● bow leg
● round Shoulders